By Bitcoin Magasin - 3 måneder siden - Læsetid: 6 minutter
Til støv skal du vende tilbage
Overvej et dommedagsscenarie. Du har brugt de sidste par år på flittigt dollaromkostninger i gennemsnit og trækker dig tilbage til din tegnebog. Du har et væld af små UTXO1s og bitcoin transaction fees rise so much that your bitcoin turns into dust2. You’re now unable to spend your bitcoin. For nogle bitcoin users, this is not a doomsday scenario, this is a reality that they experienced over the past 6 months.
During 2023 we saw very big fluctuations in bitcoin transaction fees as Ordinals3 brought a flood of new bitcoin users and with that significant increase in blockspace demand. Despite the positive press from the Bitcoin Spot ETF approval, users have faced serious challenges from high transaction fees, especially for users who have small UTXO’s. In some cases, UTXO’s were unspendable, also known as turned into dust. This transaction fee pain led many people to ask the question, how can I know if my UTXO’s are at risk? For this article, we will explore the point at which dust is created and try to help lay out a minimum plan to mitigate this risk.
Bitcoin Median Transaction Fees In sat/vB Past 6 Months
Kilde: Dune as of January 12, 2024Over the past 6 months we have seen wild swings in median bitcoin transaction fees. We saw mempools clear with 0 sat/vB and soar higher than 350 sat/vB. While that might not mean much to you at face value, it can mean big challenges for users who are sending multiple small value SegWit UTXO’s in single transactions. In fact, some users saw their UTXO’s turn into dust. This obviously caused panic, and for some this caused an expensive lesson in UTXO management. This is not an article that explains UTXO management strategy, this article attempts to tell you that you absolutely want big UTXO’s. If bitcoin does what we think it is going to do, then multiple UTXO transactions as small as 0.001 BTC could be unspendable under high fee environments, and you can kiss your dust goodbye.
Før vi hopper ind i dataene, skal vi definere, hvad vi vil se på. For os forsøger vi at forstå, om en UTXO kan bruges, eller om den er støv (ikke-forbrugbar). Til dette skal vi bruge følgende:
Sum of UTXO’s being sentTotal Weight Units4Transaktionsgebyr sats/vBWith this information we can make a formula that shows how much value is transferred in a bitcoin transaction after you remove the transaction fees.
Transferred Value = BTC Sent - ( ( ( Total Weight Units / 4 ) * Transaction Fee in sats/vB ) * 0.00000001 )
If the transferred value is a negative number, this means you have dust, the UTXO sum costs more to send than it is worth. Because calculating bitcoin transaction weight units is a bit complex, we will use a realistic scenario for use in building our table, assumptions, and recommendations.
For this example we are using5 basic SegWit (P2WPKH) financial transactions with the following weight units:
Single-input, single output, single signature, single pubkey, SegWit transaction (P2WPKH script)total weight units would be approximately 440 weight units.5 inputs, single output, single signature, single pubkey SegWit transaction (P2WPKH script) total weight units would be approximately 1,528 weight units.Ved at bruge vores formel ovenfor og SegWit-transaktionen med (5) input, der vejer 1,528 vægtenheder, byggede vi følgende støvtabel.
Støvbord
Dust Table calculated at 1,528 weight units per the5 SegWit inputs example above.
Støvbordet afslører nogle sigende oplysninger. Støv er ægte, og tærsklen er lavere, end jeg havde forestillet mig. Efterhånden som transaktionsgebyrer fortsætter med at stige, bliver større værdsatte UTXO'er mere udsatte. Under spidsbelastningsperioderne for transaktionsgebyrer i løbet af den seneste måned, ville vores eksempeltransaktion være støv selv for 001 BTC. Det er lidt mindre end $50 under de nuværende markedsforhold. Det her føles utroligt. 100,000 sats blev pludselig til støv. Væk. Ubrugelig. Det er skræmmende.
Selvom dette eksempelscenarie ikke påvirker alle brugere, er lektionen meget klar, lav store UTXO'er! For langtidsopbevaring må du ikke beholde UTXO's mindre end 0.01 BTC. Vi så 300+ sat/vB-gebyrer sidste år, og det vil i stigende grad blive normen. På det gebyrmarked er multi UTXO-transaktioner mindre end 001 støv. Vær ikke den fyr.
Støv kan være en eftertanke for dig i dag, vi er velsignet med afkast til under 50 sat/vB gebyrer, men støv kan blive et dyrt problem for dig i fremtiden, hvis det ikke håndteres i dag. Ved at forstå forholdet mellem UTXO-vægtenheder og transaktionsgebyrer får vi værdifuld indsigt i de nedre grænsestørrelser for UTXO'er.
Støv ekstremer
At modellere støvtærsklen for UTXO'er er et interessant eksperiment, fordi det viser dig, hvor skøre ting skal blive, og på hvilket tidspunkt BTC bliver til støv. Til tabellen nedenfor bruger vi de samme data som skitseret ovenfor, det vil sige en SegWit-transaktion med 5 input med 1,528 vægtenheder.
Denne tabel illustrerer gebyrsatsen, hvormed et BTC-beløb, der sendes i en transaktion på 1,528 vægtenheder, bliver til støv.
Underskriver en UTXO
Et andet nøgleresultat i al denne forskning er omkostningerne ved at underskrive en enkelt standard (P2PKH) UTXO. Dette er en ekstrem på den lille side, fordi det er en af de mindste transaktioner, du kan foretage. Til dette eksempel ønsker vi at bruge standardscriptet (ikke-segwit), fordi det er den tungeste af scripttyperne. Her er detaljerne:
Standard (P2PKH) Script Type1 input1 Pubkey0 Outputs632 weight unitsSignering Økonomi
Økonomi ved at signere en enkelt standard UTXO med én signatur, én pubnøgle og 0 udgange, der vejer 632 vægtenheder.
With this information you can understand the minimum cost of making Bitcoin transaktioner.
Nøgleforsøg
Dust threshold is lower than you think, especially in high transaction fee marketsWhen withdrawing BTC from exchanges consider waiting until your balance is ≥ 0.01 before sending to your storage.If you have many small(< 0.001 BTC) UTXO, you must consolidate them into larger UTXOs while fees are low.You don’t have a crystal ball, and there are only so many things in your control. BTC price, blockspace demand, hashprice, hashrate, and bitcoin in general are out of your control. You have control over your keys, and the best thing you can do is be prepared for the inevitable high fee market. It will happen or Bitcoin will fail, I don’t make the rules. Do not let your precious bitcoin turn into dust. Remember this, if you do nothing then to dust you shall return.
I dit ansigts sved skal du spise brød, indtil du vender tilbage til jorden, for du er taget ud af den; thi du er Støv, og til Støv skal du vende tilbage.
– 3. Mosebog 19:XNUMX
FODNOTER
UTXO (ubrugt transaktionsoutput): [n.]En del af en Bitcoin transaction that represents an amount of digital currency not yet spent and available for future transactions.
Outputtet af en blockchain transaction that can be used as an input in a new transaction, signifying the amount of cryptocurrency remaining after the transaction is executed. ↩︎I Bitcoin protocol, dust refers to small amounts of currency that are lower than the fee required to spend them in a transaction. Although “economically irrational”, dust is commonly used for achieving unconventional side effects, rather than exchanging value. ↩︎Ordinals Inscriptions as a phenomenon are now a little over a year old and have caused big waves in Bitcoin. They are melting some peoples brains but will eventually be priced out. ↩︎Weight Units (n.) [Bitcoin]
A unit of measurement used in the Bitcoin network, specifically introduced with the Segregated Witness (SegWit) protocol, to calculate the size of transactions and blocks.
En sammensat foranstaltning, der tager hensyn til både ikke-vidnedata (som transaktionsinput og -output) og vidnedata (såsom signaturer) af en transaktion. I dette system vægtes ikke-vidnedata tungere end vidnedata.
The standard by which the block size limit is enforced in the SegWit protocol, with a maximum cap of 4,000,000 weight units per block, allowing for an efficient and flexible allocation of block space. ↩︎Using Lopp’s open source transaction calculator. LINK ↩︎
Oprindelig kilde: Bitcoin magasin