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Представяме ви Ark: алтернатива Bitcoin Решение за мащабиране, фокусирано върху запазване на поверителността
Това е редакционна статия на Кудзай Кутуква, защитник на финансовото включване и сътрудник на Мандела Вашингтон.
“When use of strong cryptography becomes popular, it's harder for the government to criminalize it. Therefore, using PGP is good for preserving democracy. If privacy is outlawed, only outlaws will have privacy… PGP empowers people to take their privacy into their own hands. There has been a growing social need for it. That's why I wrote it.”
-Phil Zimmerman, “Why I Wrote PGP"
- случай of Roman Sterlingov, who stands accused of running the custodial Bitcoin mixer, "Bitcoin Fog," is indicative of the many situations in which individuals are targeted by law enforcement for safeguarding their financial privacy.
As outlined in “Какво Bitcoin Знаете,” the U.S. Department of Justice relied on Chainalysis' Reactor software to trace the purchase of the Bitcoin Fog domain back to an address linked to Sterlingov’s Mt. Gox account, establishing him as its operator. Reactor was designed to tie cryptocurrency addresses with real-world identities. Despite the various irregularities present in this текущо дело, може да се направи заключението, че изпраща ясно послание „няма да имаш финансова поверителност“.
Представяме ви Ark
Given this growing hostility toward financial privacy for Bitcoin transactions, there is a pressing need for the development of superior tools. At the recently concluded Bitcoin 2023 conference, a potentially game-changing tool, called the Ark Protocol, беше въведена.
Announced during one of the keynote sessions on the open-source stage by developer Бурак, Ark is a Layer 2 scaling solution that enables cheap, anonymous and off-chain Bitcoin transactions. The protocol also has a minimal on-chain footprint, which further protects user privacy while keeping transaction costs low. In what can be described as an “accidental invention” that occurred when Burak was trying to develop a Lightning wallet, Ark is a distinct protocol that could potentially scale non-custodial bitcoin използвате.
Burak named the protocol "Ark" in reference to Ноевият ковчег, which acts as a lifeboat that provides refuge from predatory blockchain surveillance firms and custodians.
източникDuring his presentation, Burak highlighted one of the most concerning trends with the Lightning Network today, which is that there are currently more custodial users of Lightning than there are non-custodial ones. This is mainly due to the ликвидни ограничения on Lightning that require non-custodial users to first receive liquidity from someone else’s node before they can receive funds. Custodial wallets like Wallet Of Satoshi abstract this problem away from the user but at the expense of the user not being 100% in control of their funds, as well as their financial privacy.
Алтернативен протокол от ниво 2
Интервюирах Бурак, за да придобия по-задълбочено разбиране за Ark и вдъхновението зад неговото развитие. Когато го разпитах какво го е накарало да разработи алтернативен протокол от ниво 2, той каза:
„Винаги съм бил критик на Lightning главно заради проблемите с входящата ликвидност, асинхронното получаване, както и неговия отпечатък във веригата. Входящата ликвидност винаги ми се струваше като грешка, което правеше потребителското изживяване всичко друго, но не и приятно. В допълнение към това, ще отнеме повече от век, за да се включи цялото глобално население по начин без лишаване от свобода в Lightning Network, ако приемем, че всеки човек има четири канала, всеки от които консумира няколкостотин vbytes.
Когато се зае да се справи с тези и други проблеми, неговата идея за портфейла Lightning в крайна сметка се превърна в Ark.
“Ark can be best defined as trustless e-cash or a liquidity network similar to the Lightning Network but with a UTXO set that lives entirely off-chain and it’s neither a statechain nor a rollup,” Burak said. “These UTXOs are called ‘virtual UTXOs’ or ‘vTXOs,’ which have a ‘lifespan’ of four weeks. The core of Ark's anonymous off-chain payments is driven by the vTXOs.”
Throughout the conversation, Burak continued to emphasize his obsession with a frictionless experience for the end user, his view being that sending sats should be as easy as pushing a button. This is one of the reasons why Ark users do not need to have channels or liquidity, as this is delegated to a network of untrusted intermediaries known as Ark service providers (ASPs). These are always-on servers that provide liquidity to the network, similarly to how Lightning service providers operate, but with an added benefit: ASPs are unable to link senders with receivers, which adds another layer of privacy for users.
This is made possible by the fact that every payment on Ark takes place within a CoinJoin round which obfuscates the connection between sender and receiver. The best part about this is that the CoinJoin happens entirely off-chain while settling payments every five seconds, which not only drastically reduces on-chain footprints but also fortifies the users’ privacy. The anonymity set is every party involved in a transaction and, theoretically, this creates a greater degree of privacy than what’s possible on the Lightning Network. Furthermore, Ark mimics on-chain user experiences in that users have a dedicated address for sending and receiving payments, but the difference is that it’s a reusable address that doesn’t compromise the user’s privacy, made possible in a way that’s similar to how тихи плащания работят.
Компромиси
Въпреки това, като всяка друга система, Ark има свои собствени компромиси. Въпреки че може да не предлага незабавни сетълменти толкова бързо, колкото прави Lightning, той осигурява незабавен достъп до средства, без да се налага да чака потвърждения в това, което Бурак описа като „незабавна наличност със забавена окончателност“.
For vendors, Lightning is still the better option when it comes to receiving payments. Additionally, liquidity providers are required, but based on the assumption that individuals will be motivated to offer liquidity to earn yield in bitcoin, Burak also thinks this challenge can be easily overcome in the long term. This novel proposition addresses certain shortcomings in Lightning, yet also comes with its own set of challenges.
Пътят напред
В обобщение, протоколът Ark е уникално решение за мащабиране на второ ниво с възможност за едностранно излизане, което позволява безпроблемни транзакции, без да налага никакви ограничения на ликвидността или интерактивност, нито да изисква директна връзка между подател и получател. Поради това получателите могат лесно да получават плащания, без да се налага да се налагат никакви настройки за включване, поддържане на непрекъснато присъствие на сървъра или компрометиране на тяхната анонимност за трети страни. Проектиран да бъде мащабируемо решение без попечителство, Ark позволява на потребителите пълен контрол върху техните средства и дава на всеки опцията сам да попечи парите си.
Ark is interoperable with Lightning, but also serves as a complement to it. However, due to the complicated process of self-custodial Lightning and varying levels of privacy for senders and receivers, along with the imminent danger posed by blockchain surveillance firms, scaling solutions that prioritize privacy, like Ark, have become essential. The various attempts to attack Bitcoin through malicious prosecution, like in the case of Sterlingov, and predatory legislation such as the EU's слюда, demonstrate the need for scalable, efficient, privacy-preserving tools in order to prevent future issues.
It’s against this background that I think Ark is an interesting concept worth keeping an eye on as development of the protocol unfolds. Of course, without code to review at the moment or a battle-tested, working prototype, it’s still a long road ahead. Despite the unforeseen challenges ahead, Burak is optimistic about Ark’s potential and is convinced that it’s a breakthrough that strikes the balance between private Bitcoin transactions and scalability, in a user-friendly manner. A sentiment that I also share, given the vital need for non-custodial, privacy-preserving tools.
Това е публикация за гости от Kudzai Kutukwa. Изразените мнения са изцяло техни и не отразяват непременно тези на BTC Inc или Bitcoin Magazine.
Оригинален източник: Bitcoin Списание