By Bitcoin Magazin - ọnwa abụọ gara aga - Oge ọgụgụ: nkeji abụọ
Ọdọ mmiri Ngwuputa Na-aghọ Nsogbu?
Bitcoin ndị na-egwuputa ihe na-enye ọrụ bara uru na gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ịgbanwe maka ọrụ ha na-arụ na nchekwa netwọk, a na-akwụghachi ha ụgwọ site na otu netwọk ahụ ha na-echebe. Nke a ụda na mara imewe site Satoshi bụ n'ezie otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị dị ịrịba ama akụkụ nke Bitcoin.
Otú ọ dị, ihe a na-echefukarị bụ na e nwere ihe ndị ọzọ a na-egwupụta akụ́kụ́ karịa nanị hashing.
Onye na-etinye aka na usoro a niile ga-agbarịrị oghere iji nwelite ntụkwasị obi na ọnọdụ kachasị ọhụrụ nke blockchain, wee malite ịrụ ngọngọ ọhụrụ. Nke a na-agụnye verifying ndaba nke gara aga ngọngọ, chọpụtara unconfirmed azụmahịa na-emekarị na-ahọpụta ndị kasị keere òkè n'ime ha, na-ewu a ọgbọ azụmahịa nke ha na-akwụ onwe ha, ewu otutu merkle osisi nke ndị a azụmahịa, na n'ikpeazụ hashing na-edozi n'ezie a ngọngọ. Azụmahịa n'ime template ngọngọ ga-agbanwe mgbe niile ka ndị ọhụrụ na-agbasa na netwọk na mgbe onye ọzọ chọtara ngọngọ ọhụrụ, onye na-egwuputa ihe ga-agbanwe n'ime ụlọ n'elu nke ahụ yana ikpofu azụmahịa niile ugbu a na blockchain ka. mepụta template ọhụrụ.
Nrụ ọrụ ndụdụ
Dị ka ị pụrụ ịhụ, hashing iji dozie ngọngọ bụ nanị otu akụkụ nke usoro a. A Bitcoin mining ASIC is also only capable of hashing. In the current environment, all other aspects of mining are generally delegated to mining pools. This has spawned some confusion. For example, in any circumstance where there is a discussion about activation of soft forks via version bit flipping within block templates, people will refer to this process being a MASF – “Miner Activated Soft Fork'' – and someone will always have to clarify that this responsibility falls solely to pools and that pools are not miners. They may also point out that miners are still ultimately in charge as if they desire the upgrade and the pool they are mining with doesn’t, they can simply switch pools. [For clarity, in the rest of this article I will refer to those only participating in hashing and leaving all other aspects of mining to pools as “hashers”.]
Laghachi na ndụdụ dị nro - na ebe dị ugbu a ebe> 99% nke ngọngọ na-arụ otu ụlọ iri na abụọ ahụ, ọ na-aghọ ihe ziri ezi ịkpọ ndị a "Pool Activated Soft Forks" nke ọ dịghị onye na-eme, na-enye aka na nrọ dị ize ndụ: na Ngwuputa nwere ike. a ga-ewere ya dị ka agbajikwaghị naanị n'ihi nkesa hashrate. Ihe a na-ekwu abụghị eziokwu mgbe a na-ahụ hashrate niile n'otu obere ọdọ mmiri ma yabụ ọdịnaya nke Bitcoin's blockchain na-aga n'ihu n'ikpeazụ agaghị agụnye ihe ọ bụla ụlọ ọrụ ole na ole ndị a na-ewere na ọ dịghị anabata, yana ọtụtụ nsogbu ndị ọzọ.
Site n'ịghara itinye aka n'akụkụ ọ bụla ọzọ nke Ngwuputa ihe karịrị hashing blocks nke ọdọ mmiri rụrụ, Bitcoin Ndị na-egwupụta akụ na-egwupụta ihe agbahapụla otu akụkụ dị mkpa nke ọrụ ha. Eziokwu ahụ bụ na nke a abụghị naanị na ọ ga-ekwe omume kamakwa ụzọ nke nkwụsị nke kacha nta na-egosi na anyị nwere nsogbu usoro.
Ọdọ mmiri na Blockspace Market
The implications of merely hashing and having a pool do everything else stretch far beyond soft fork activation. For example, miners presently are entirely unaware of what blocks will look like once solved, meaning that a miner performs work while blindly trusting that the block contains only desirable transactions. But you have a blatant violation of that trust in blocks such as Nke a - nke a bụ ngọngọ a ma ama nke malitere "ordinals" craze. Rịba ama ka ndị na-egwuputa ihe na-arụ ọrụ na ngọngọ a ga-esi na-erite uru n'ezie na-erite uru ruo $ 200 na BTC, n'ụzọ dị iche na ngọngọ nke ọ bụla n'akụkụ ya abụọ na-eri ~ $ 5,000 na BTC.
Oghere mgbochi bara uru - nke ahụ bụ akụkụ nke ihe na-eme Bitcoin na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ogologo oge - ma n'ụwa ebe nanị ole na ole ndị egwuregwu nwere ike ịnwe template ha rụrụ na-ejedebe na blockchain, otu ụlọ ọrụ ndị ahụ nwere nso-iche na-ere ohere a ma kwụọ ụgwọ site na band maka mgbanwe ya. Ọ dị ha n'aka - ma ọ bụ ọbụna ma eleghị anya - ịgwa ndị na-egwuputa ihe n'ezoghị ọnụ na ha na-eme nke a? N'ezie, ọ bụghị na nke a dị ka ebumnuche bụ iju onye ọ bụla anya. Na-aga n'ihu, ha ga-aga n'ihu na ụgwọ hashers ha na-anata maka ire blockspace n'èzí?
N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ dị mfe, ebe mkpali maka ọdọ mmiri na ndị hasher ya na-adakọkarị n'ihe gbasara ịba ụba uru, ọdọ mmiri nwere nhọrọ nke ire blockspace maka ihe ndị ọzọ karịa mgbe niile. Bitcoin azụmahịa, ebe ego onye na-egwuputa ihe na-adị oke ma ọ bụrụ na ọdọ mmiri ahụ ahọrọ ka ọ pụta ìhè ma kwenye ịkekọrịta ego ha nwetara. Ọbụlagodi na ha mere, nkwenye chọrọ ikike ọdọ mmiri ahụ megidere ịchọpụta ego enwetara site na ego enyemaka na ụgwọ azụmahịa (dịkwa aghụghọ na ọdọ mmiri FPPS, karịa na nke ahụ mechara).
Mmetụta ọzọ nke ọdọ mmiri ịbụ BitcoinNdị na-emepụta ihe ngbochi nke ihe mgbochi sitere na eziokwu ahụ bụ na - na ọkwa dị mkpa karị, enwere "nnukwu ọnụ" iri na abụọ nwere "super mempools" nke ha.
Nke a na-abanye n'ime ndị mmadụ na-akpakọrịta ozugbo na ọdọ mmiri na ileghara mempools anya kpamkpam. Ụfọdụ na-ekwu na mempool bụ mbibi n'agbanyeghị - na ugbu a ọnọdụ nke centralized template owuwu bụ nanị accelerating nke a, ma ọ bụghị n'ezie na-achọsi ike n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla na ọ ga-abụ gabigara enweghị nchekwube ime nke a echiche na a ụwa ebe n'ezie decentralized template ewu bụ. n'ụzọ ụfọdụ mere ezi uche. Mgbe ahụ, ịkwụ ụgwọ ndị na-abụghị ndị otu ga-emerịrị ụzọ ha na ndị mmadụ buru ibu ma ọ bụrụ na onye ọ bụla na-azụta oghere ngọngọ chọrọ ime ya n'agbụ n'otu oge ahụ. Nke a nwere ike bụrụ nke doro anya na nke na-echetara otu ihe si arụ ọrụ ugbu a. N'aka nke ọzọ, "nnukwu ọnụ" ga-atụ anya na a ga-agbajisịa n'ime obere iberibe ma si otú a agaghịzi enwe ike ịnye otu nkwa ahụ.
To deviate from this aspect of mining let’s shift focus to how payouts are currently handled.
Ụdị ịkwụ ụgwọ ọdọ mmiri
Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọdọ mmiri niile na-akwụ ndị hash ha ụgwọ site na FPPS (Full Pay Per Share) ma ọ bụ ihe yiri ya. Otu ewepụrụ bụ ViaBTC na-enye PPLNS (Pay Per Last N Shares) na mgbakwunye na FPPS. Antpool na-enyekwa PPLNS mana ndị hasher ga-atụfu ego ha nwetara n'ụgwọ azụmahịa - nke a na-ekwu ruo n'ókè m ga-agbalị ime n'oge na-adịghị anya - n'ezie na FPPS abụghị ihe nlereanya na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ụwa ebe ego ịkwụ ụgwọ azụmahịa bụ ihe dị mkpa kama ịbụ ihe kwesịrị ekwesị. enyemaka. Ekwesiri ikwuputa na ọdọ mmiri Braiins (nke bụbu Slushpool) na-eji usoro akpọrọ "akara" nke na omume yiri PPLNS.
Kedu ihe kpatara oke mmasị a maka FPPS? Site n'echiche nke hasher, a na-akwụ ha ụgwọ n'agbanyeghị ihe na-eme na blockchain. Nke a kwekọrọ na ebumnuche nke ngwungwu a na-agbakọta - nnukwu ego na-agbanwe agbanwe. FPPS na-enye ugwo ndị ọzọ na-agbanwe agbanwe n'ihi na ọdọ mmiri na-akwụ ụgwọ dabere na ego ha ga-enweta ma na-edozi ya na blockchain n'onwe ya.
Nke a na-eme ka ndụ dị mfe maka ndị na-egwuputa ihe na-achọ ibelata okwu ndị na-esite na ndakpọ ego, mana enwere ihe ndọghachi azụ - ndị bụ isi nke m na-atụ anya ime ka ọ pụta ìhè ebe a.
FPPS buru ụzọ na-achọ ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụrụ onye na-elekọta ihe niile e gwupụtara ọhụrụ bitcoins. These cannot be forwarded on to miners for a minimum of 100 blocks as freshly mined bitcoins are unspendable until after this and in practice, the mined coins can have nothing to do with what the miners are ultimately receiving when making withdrawals from the pool. The risks of third party custody should be obvious to almost everyone reading this article so I’ll skip it and move on to other issues with FPPS.
The next concern comes from the fact that more generally, an FPPS pool is a significant intermediary between hashers and the network itself. We have already established that hashers aren’t privy to what the blocks they are working on will ultimately look like until after they are solved. FPPS means that they are now also unconcerned with whether blocks are even found or not, it’s the pool’s problem. Ignoring the increased predictability of payouts (should a pool never decide to rug its hashers) we must acknowledge the tradeoffs of doing this.
Ndị na-egwuputa ihe na-akwụ ụgwọ ozugbo Bitcoin n'onwe ya - ga-ekwe omume na atụmatụ ndị ọzọ dị ka PPLNS ma ọ bụ N'ezie Ngwuputa Ngwuputa - nwere ike ịtụ anya na a ga-enweta ụgwọ ọrụ zuru oke maka onyinye ha gụnyere ụgwọ azụmahịa. Ọdọ mmiri FPPS nwere ike ime nke a dị ka ngụkọ post-hoc n'ihi na ọ nweghị ụzọ ọ bụla a ga-esi buru amụma ụgwọ ga-abụ mgbe ị na-ewepụta ihe hashers na-enweta kwa òkè. Ọdọ mmiri enweghị ike iche na ụgwọ ga-abụ ihe bara uru karịa 0 yana ndị na-egwuputa kredit na nke a ka ha na-enweta n'ihi na ọ bụrụ na ụgwọ ga-ada n'okpuru uru a, ha ga-akwụ ndị na-egwuputa ihe n'akpa ha. Ha ga-ekewarịrị ụgwọ kwa oge wee kenye ha ndị na-egwuputa ihe n'otu oge n'ime njide ọdọ mmiri ahụ.
Site n'echiche nke hasher, a chọrọ ntụkwasị obi zuru oke na ọdọ mmiri ebe ọ bụ na nkwenye na-esote agaghị ekwe omume na-enweghị nghọta zuru oke na imekọ ihe ọnụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Na mbụ, dị ka e kwuru n'elu, nke a bụ obere okwu n'ihi na ọtụtụ n'ime Ngwuputa ego na-abịa site na nkwado na naanị a fesa nke sats na azụmahịa ụgwọ - ma nke a na-esiwanye abụghị (na n'ezie enweghị ike ịbụ) ọdịnihu nke Bitcoin igwu ala. N'ịga n'ihu, ndị na-egwuputa ihe ga-enweta ego site na ụgwọ azụmahịa na ndị ahụ siri ike ịkọ na nyochaa mgbe ha na-eji ọdọ mmiri karịa ego enyemaka.
N'iji atụnyere atụmatụ ịkwụ ụgwọ dị ka PPLNS ebe ndị hasher na-anabata mgbanwe mgbanwe dị ukwuu (ọchịchọ ọdọ mmiri na-aghọkwa chi ọma nke hasher), anyị na-ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi na-egwuputa ihe ahọpụtara nke ukwuu iji bute nkwụsi ike nke ịkwụ ụgwọ karịa ikike iji nyochaa ihe enwetara. N'ụzọ gbagọrọ agbagọ, ụfọdụ ndị hasher na-ahọrọ nke a n'ezie - na-achọ igosi onwe ha n'ihu ndị ọchịchị dịka ụdị "ọrụ hashing" kwụsịrị kpamkpam. Bitcoin– ụfọdụ ji nganga otú ahụ. Nke a bụ n'ihi na FPPS bụ mgbanwe dị egwu site na ezigbo onye na-egwuputa ihe / ọdọ mmiri nke na ọ na-esiri ike ịkọwa ihe hasher na-eme ọbụna dịka "bitcoin ngwuputa".
Dị ka a pụrụ isi kwuo ya, ọdọ mmiri FPPS bụ nnukwu onye na-egwuputa ihe na-akwụ ụgwọ hashers iji dozie ihe mgbochi ya. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ha nwere usoro ime na opaque nke ha na-achọpụta ihe ha ga-akwụ ndị hasher ha. Iji gosi n'ezie isi ihe onye hasher nwere ike (ma n'ụfọdụ na-esighị ike iche n'echiche ga-adị) ọbụna kwụọ ụgwọ ya n'ihe na-abụghị. Bitcoin.
Why not? If you don’t care if any blocks get found let alone what they look like before construction, why not just get paid fiat by a solo miner to point your ASICs at them in whatever the most convenient currency is? Bitcoin Ọ bụghị mgbe niile bụ nhọrọ enweghị esemokwu, mana ọ bụrụgodị na ọ bụ, ọ bụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya iche n'echiche ịga n'ihu n'okporo ụzọ ebe ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ nwere ike ịrụ “hashing” dịka masịrị gị, mana emechara ha niile n'aha obere otu “ọdọ mmiri” onye ikike netwọk niile kwesịrị ịnweta ihe ọ bụla n'ime blockchain n'ezie.
Ọnye na-bụ Hashing?
Ka anyị leba anya na nke a n'ụzọ sara mbara. Anyị ekwuola na ụfọdụ ndị egwuregwu buru ibu chọrọ ịpụpụ onwe ha Bitcoin as far as possible, thus happily delegating as much Bitcoin ọrụ metụtara ọdọ mmiri ha dị ka o kwere mee. Ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ mepere emepe maka iwu, yana nnukwu hashrate ha nwere naanị obi ụtọ maka ya.
Nke a na-ewebata enweghị ezi uche nke akụ na ụba site n'echiche nke netwọk n'onwe ya, na-egosipụta na omume dị ka Ngwuputa ihe mgbochi na-ezute ụfọdụ ụkpụrụ aka ike. Mgbe nke a mere n'oge gara aga, ọ naghị adịte aka n'ihi nkwụghachi azụ sitere na obodo, na enweghị uche nke ịnwa iji ike mee ka usoro nchịkwa na-agbanwe ikike ikike na-enweghị ọbụna ịrịọ ka ọ mee ya. Ma eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọ bụ nhọrọ na-egosi ihe ize ndụ nke inwe ihe owuwu nke ihe mgbochi mgbochi. Ndị na-egwuputa ihe n'otu ikike ga-anwa machibido ma ọ bụ jụ ịhazi azụmahịa sitere na mpaghara ọzọ? Ndị na-egwupụta akụ́kụ́ hà ga-abụ nanị ndọtị nke ọchịchị ma ọ bụ onye na-eme ihe ọjọọ na-akpa ike? Enwere ihe atụ doro anya nke ọdọ mmiri na-ebelata ụgwọ azụmahịa iji nweta uru site na otu, mgbe ụfọdụ naanị iji rube isi na nrụgide usoro. Nke a na-egosikwa na enweghị ezi uche na akụ na ụba site n'echiche nke netwọkụ ahụ.
The most extreme recent example of this was the 19 BTC azụmahịa ego akwụ ụgwọ na azụmahịa na ngọngọ nke F2Pool chọtara n'ikpeazụ, ọ ga-abụ na ọ bụ njehie. Dị ka ọdọ mmiri FPPS, ha ghọrọ onye na-elekọta 19 BTC ngwuputa ego wee họrọ inyeghachi ya onye mejọrọ. Nke a na-egosi n'ụzọ zuru oke ọnụ ahịa itinye nnukwu onye na-emekọrịta ihe n'etiti onye na-egwupụta ihe na ụlọ ọrụ Bitcoin netwọk. N'ime ọdọ mmiri PPLNS nke a agaghị adị obere ka ọ mee. Ọ bụghị n'ihi na ọdọ mmiri PPLNS bụ ndị a na-atụkwasịghị obi ma ọ bụ ndị anaghị echekwa ya, mana n'ihi na ọ ga-ekwe omume ileba anya na nyochaa ego ego ha nwetara n'otu oge ihe mgbochi na-abata, nke a nwere ike isiri ya ike maka ọdọ mmiri ahụ ịnwale na ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ kwadoro akaụntụ ndị na-egwuputa ihe. n'ime ya na òkè ha nke ego a na-egwupụta ihe na-akpata nnukwu azụghachi azụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị ihe dị iche n'ụkpụrụ dị iche iche ruo mgbe ị na-atụle ihe gaara eme ma ọ bụrụ na ọdọ mmiri na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ndị na-egwupụta akụ ya na azụmahịa coinbase / ọgbọ n'onwe ya. N'ọnọdụ dị otú ahụ, ego a gaara abụworị n'aka onye na-egwuputa ihe na nkwụsị nke ego a na-enweta site na ọdọ mmiri agaghị ekwe omume. Ya mere, n'ihe atụ a, ọchịchọ ọdọ mmiri iyi ka ọ na-emesapụ aka ma ọ bụ nke ziri ezi na-efu ndị na-egwupụta akụ ya $500,000 na ego ha nwetara na-eme mkpebi n'aha ha ọ kwesịghị ịbụ na ọ ga-eme.
Okwu na-esote: 51% na Mwakpo ndị ọzọ
Nke a kwesịrị ịdị mfe ịkọwa: n'oge a onye ọ bụla maara ihe ọgụ 51% bụ. Ihe a na-aghọtachaghị nke ọma bụ na (ruo ruo mgbe ụzọ netwọkụ gbara ya gburugburu,) 51% bụ ihe achọrọ maka ụdị ọgụ a ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-aga nke ọma na-adịgide adịgide karịa naanị ịkpaghasị.
N'ezie, ụlọ ọrụ ọ bụla nwere ihe karịrị 20% nke netwọk nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu site na ọtụtụ ọgụ, ụfọdụ na-egbu ya n'ime ọhịa ma ọ bụ nanị na-adịghị atụle ya, nke m ga-abanye ma emechaa. Mana tupu anyị emee nke ahụ, anyị nwere ike legide anya na netwọkụ ahụ nke nwere ụlọ ọrụ abụọ dị mwute nwere hashrate jikọtara ọnụ karịa 51%. Nke ka njọ, otu n'ime ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu adịghị echekwa nke ọma na ọ bụ ya kpatara 10% nke ngọngọ ndị a chọtara site na nnukwu ọdọ mmiri ọzọ nke ụlọ ọrụ nne na nna na-ejigide mmekọrịta dị mkpa. Eziokwu ahụ bụ na pantomime a na-adịgide adịghị akpali obi ike.
There are two usual responses to this. Firstly, people point out that hashers can simply vote with their feet and switch pools if they ever combined forces to 51% attack. Secondly, that any pool would be insane to attempt it for the simple reason that disrupting bitcoin ga-eme ka ọnụahịa ahụ daa ma ọ dịghị onye na-etinye ego na gburugburu ebe obibi ga-achọ nke ahụ. Arụmụka nke abụọ na-eleghara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmadụ anya ma na-eche na ọ dịghị mgbe a ga-amanye ndị mmadụ ime omume mbibi ma si otú a na-akpata ọgba aghara nanị n'ihi ọgba aghara ma ọ bụ ihe ọjọọ ndị ọzọ. (Ọ na-adịghị ewere n'ime akaụntụ eziokwu na ahịa bụ mgbe ọ bụchaghị a ọma egosi na e nwere nsogbu na. Bitcoin, lee anya afọ 2017.)
Arụmụka nke mbụ na-eme ka echiche siri ike karị na hashers ga-agbanwe mgbe niile na ọnọdụ ebe otu ọdọ mmiri na-ebuwanye ibu. N'ezie, ọ bụrụ na ọdọ mmiri gbalịrị ime nke a eziokwu ga-amalite na anyị ga-aghọta na n'agbanyeghị na-ewu 99% nke anyị ngọngọ ndebiri, ọdọ mmiri abụghị n'ezie na-egwuputa ihe. Anyị nwekwara ọmụmụ ihe gbasara Ghash.io nke ama ama na ọnwụ gbagoro agbagoro onye ọ bụla karịa 40%.
Ọ dị mma, yabụ anyị egosila na nke a abụghị nsogbu n'ezie, enwere ike ịdabere na hashers na-awụlikwa elu na ọdọ mmiri ọzọ. (N'ezie, ọ bụrụ na a na-ejikọta nnukwu ọrụ Ngwuputa na teepu uhie, ọ bụ echiche na-enweghị ntụkwasị obi ma ka anyị ma ọ dịkarịa ala gaa n'ihu dị ka a ga-asị na anyị nwere obi ike na mwakpo a agaghị ekwe omume.)
N'ụzọ dị mwute, ịmara eziokwu ahụ bụ na ike hash ga-akwaga n'ọdọ mmiri ọ bụla gafere oke egwu na-eduga na ha na-achịkwa onwe ha - mana ọ bụghị n'ụzọ na-enyere aka n'ihi na ọ dịghị mkpa ka ha na-ejigide hashrate n'okpuru ọnụ ụzọ, ha na-eme naanị. mkpa ime ya egosi otú ahụ. Nke a bụ n'ezie ịnakwere ike hash niile ha nwere ike nweta mgbe ha na-ebuga ya na ọdọ mmiri ndị ọzọ dị mkpa iji zere ime ka ụwa mara ikike ha nwere imebi mbibi.
Ya mere, nke a na-ahapụ anyị ihe osise na-enweghị ike ịmata nke netwọk. Enwere ike ịchọta 30% nke ngọngọ site na ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu ma bụrụ onye ọ bụla na-anabata ya, ebe 10% nke ngụkọta hashrate netwọk ka ka na-atụ aka na ọdọ mmiri ahụ ma na-eduzi ya na nzuzo n'otu ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ obere. Ndị na-ahụ maka 10% ahụ enweghị ike ịghọta na a na-eji ya n'ụzọ dị otú a (ọ na-esiwanyekwa ike ịchọpụta ya na stratumV2 - ọzọ na nke a emechaa).
Ọnọdụ a na-adịchaghị mma na-akawanye njọ mgbe ị tụlere eziokwu ahụ bụ na enwere ike iji hashrate ibugharị a mebie obere ọdọ mmiri site na mgbochi mgbochi.
Nke a bụ nke a - onye na-awakpo ahụ na-etinye aka na usoro Ngwuputa kachasị dịka onye na-eji ọdọ mmiri a na-eme ihe eme ihe. N'ihi ya, ha na-enweta òkè nke ụgwọ ọrụ site na ngọngọ ọ bụla ọdọ mmiri ahụ chọtara dị ka a tụrụ anya ya. Ụgwọ ọrụ ahụ na-ejedebe na onye mwakpo ahụ nke nwere ike ịkwụ ụgwọ hasher n'ezie na-enweghị ego ọ bụla. Ka ọ dị ugbu a naanị ihe mmerụ ahụ kpatara bụ echiche na-ezighi ezi nke hashrate ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị ntakịrị karịa ka ọ dị n'ezie mana obere ọdọ mmiri ahụ ka emerụghị ahụ.
Ugbu a mmerụ ahụ na-eme ma ọ bụrụ na ha ekpebie ịghara ịgwa ọdọ mmiri ndị a tara ahụhụ mgbe ha chọtara ngọngọ. Nke a nwere mmetụta nke ime ka ọdọ mmiri a na-ata ahụhụ yie ihe na-adịghị mma. Ha dị ka ha na-achọta obere ngọngọ karịa ka ha kwesịrị ịdị ma na-akwụ ụgwọ ọrụ kewara n'etiti ọtụtụ ndị sonyere karịa ka ha na-egwupụta akụ n'eziokwu - ya bụ na ha na-agba ọsọ na-efu na-eche na ha anaghị akpata mfu ahụ n'ụzọ ọzọ.
Ọ bụrụ na a wakpoo ọdọ mmiri FPPS otu a, ha ga-agbarịrị ndị na-egwuputa ego na-akwụ ndị na-egwuputa ego n'akpa ha ọkụ ka ha wee nwee ihe dị iche. Ọ bụrụ na ha bụ PPLNS ndị na-egwuputa ihe na-eche ihe kpatara na ha anaghị enweta ihe ha kwesịrị ịna-enweta. N'ụzọ ọ bụla, igbochi mgbochi bụ ihe na-emegide asọmpi ma nwee ike ibibi ọdọ mmiri ndị a tara ahụhụ site n'inye ya aha ọjọọ.
Site n'echiche ọdọ mmiri a na-awakpo, ka anyị kwuo na ha mejupụtara 5% nke hashrate ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Nke a pụtara na ha ka na-eme 95% nke ego a na-atụ anya ya na ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-ele anya 5% na-enweghị isi karịa ka a tụrụ anya ya. Nke a dị mfe iji gbuo ọdọ mmiri ahụ ebe mfu 5% na hashrate ebugharị ga-adị obere mkpa maka ọdọ mmiri buru ibu. Ọ bụrụ na ọ na-anọchi anya 1% nke nnukwu hash ike zuru oke mgbe ahụ onye na-awakpo ahụ na-efunahụ 5% nke 1% nke ụgwọ ọrụ a tụrụ anya ya - 0.05%. Nke a abaghị uru ọ bụla maka ọdọ mmiri ọ bụla nwere obi ọjọọ, nke nwere oke nha nke akwadoro ime ihe na-adịghị mma.
Obere ọdọ mmiri, otú ahụ ka ha na-esiwanye ike na mwakpo a. Ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ buru ibu, ka o yikarịrị ka ha ga-egbochi ọdọ mmiri asọmpi, nke pere mpe. Ihe ize ndụ a na-abawanye ka nnukwu ọdọ mmiri na-abịaru nso n'ogo ebe mkpokọta hashrate na-amalite ịtụ obodo egwu, nke na-akpali ha ma ọ dịkarịa ala stash hashrate na obere ọdọ mmiri, ọbụlagodi ma ọ bụrụ na ha ejighị ya ọgụ ma ọ bụ gbuo mwakpo na-adịghị agwụ agwụ maka nsogbu ndị ahụ. emecha chụọ ya dị ka ndịiche. N'ezie - mbelata mgbanwe na-enwetalarị site na ọdọ mmiri ndị buru ibu n'ihi nkwụghachi ụgwọ na-agbanwe agbanwe site na netwọkụ nke na-asụgharị inwe ike ịrụ ọrụ n'ime oke oke ma si otú a nọrọ n'ọnọdụ na-ana ndị hasher ha obere. Site n'echiche nke onye na-egwuputa ihe / ọdọ mmiri ọ bụla a na-awakpoghị ọgụ a pụtara na ha ga-enweta ihe isi ike dị ala dịka Bitcoin netwọk na-edozi maka na enwere obere ngọngọ n'ozuzu ya.
Jide ngọngọ ọ bụ naanị usoro iwu? Ọ bụghị kpamkpam. A wakporo ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri ndị na-egwupụta ihe n'ụzọ dị otú a ọbụna n'oge dị ka afọ 2015. Ọ na-esi nnọọ ike imebi dị ka ọdọ mmiri ga-enyocha ndị ọrụ niile ma mee mkpebi gbakọọ ịchụpụ ha n'ọdọ mmiri na / ma ọ bụ gbochie ịkwụ ụgwọ ha ma ọ bụrụ na ha enweghị isi. ruo n'ókè nke enweghị ike ịgụta ọnụ ọgụgụ na ọdọ mmiri nwere ike iche n'ụzọ ezi uche na ha na-eme ihe ọjọọ. Mwakpo nke ọdịdị a na-akpalikwa ọdọ mmiri ịchọ "ịmara hasher" na ịkwụ ụgwọ njide nke na-eme ka ndụ sie ike maka ndị na-achọ ịnweta m n'enweghị ikike.
N'agbanyeghị, n'ozuzu mmetụta si niile a bụ na ndị mmadụ ga-ahọrọ Ngwuputa na ibu ọdọ mmiri maka ọzọ ihe mere.
Anyị ahụla n'ihu ọha nkwupụta sitere n'aka nnukwu ndị na-egwuputa ihe na-ekwupụta na ha na-apụ n'obere ọdọ mmiri n'ihi inweta ụgwọ ndị na-emezughị atụmanya.
Nke a bụ ihe na-adịghị mma nke ukwuu n'ihi na ọdọ mmiri ndị buru ibu na nnukwu hashers na-eji ha na-etinye ya ngwa ngwa na ibu nhazi ma si otú a na-enwekarị ike itinye aka n'omume na-emebi emebi. Bitcoin, na-agabiga ọbụna nhazi nke ndebiri ngọngọ na nchekwa nwa oge nke ụgwọ ọrụ ngọngọ niile.
A na-edobe ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ nke ọma, na-amanye okwu nzuzu na-enweghị isi na "n'aha" ndị hasher ha. Ọdọ mmiri abụọ kachasị ukwuu na-achọ ugbu a ka ndị ọrụ ha wụba n'ọtụtụ hoops, gụnyere usoro ikpughe njirimara nke ahụ ekwesịghị na ọ gaghị adị mkpa ka mmadụ nwee ike nke m bitcoin n'èzí solo Ngwuputa.
Iji mee ka otu isi okwu ikpeazụ na mgbochi igbochi ya gafere ya na-eyi egwu ime ka ndụ sie ike maka obere ọdọ mmiri na onye ọ bụla na-achọ ka ya na ha hash, ana m asị onye ọ bụla nwere ike ịnwa ịhapụ ya ka ọ bụ naanị usoro iwu (n'agbanyeghị na ọ mere n'ụzọ doro anya n'oge gara aga). ) - anyị chere na ọ bụ ihe nkịtị ka ọdọ mmiri na-anọgide na-agbanwe agbanwe na o doro anya na ọ na-anabataghị nha organically? Nke a ga-apụta hashrate ọhụrụ na-abịa n'ịntanetị mgbe niile na-ejikwa ikesa onwe ya opekata mpe n'otu n'otu. Anyị ga-ekwere na ọdọ mmiri nwere ike ịmalite ịdị adị, na-eto nke ọma na mgbe ahụ naanị….kwụsị…. n'akụkụ ọnụ ụzọ achọrọ tupu ndị mmadụ akpachapụ anya. Anyị na-ahụ ọdọ mmiri na-arịọ ndị mmadụ ka ha kwụsị iji ha na-egwupụta akụ ma ọ bụ na-amachi imepụta akaụntụ na ịgba ndị na-egwupụta akụ na-anọghị n'ịntanetị gafere hashrate anabatara n'ime akaụntụ dị adị? Anyị n'ezie adịghị.
Ihe atụ abụọ a nwere ike ime bụ na ndị hashers na-achịkwa onwe ha (ọ eleghị anya, dị ka igwu ala na obere ọdọ mmiri ugbu a pụtara ịkpata obere ego). bitcoin ọ bụrụgodị na ihe ndị m mere n'isiokwu a akọwaghị ihe kpatara ya - ọ bụghị ikwu na ihe atụ nke ọpụpụ si n'ọdọ mmiri na-apụta nke ọma ugboro ole na ole ha mere) - ma ọ bụ - ọdọ mmiri na-akọwahie ọnụ ọgụgụ nke hashrate ha atụwo aka na ha.
To add to all this, smaller pools have yet another issue: they can go days without finding blocks. A larger pool won’t go longer than a few hours. This is a question of resolution – the higher your hashrate, the closer you are to expectations over the short term, and this unfortunately results in a minimum threshold below which a pool cannot expect to make up for periods of bad luck at which point it just becomes impossible to compete.
Oge izu abụọ n'etiti oge ihe isi ike pụtara na a ga-achọta ọnụọgụ blọk kwesịrị ekwesị n'ime izu abụọ ahụ ka chi ọjọọ ọ bụla nwee ike imeziwanye ya site na ihu ọma ga-esote. Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị, ma ọ bụrụ na - dịka ọmụmaatụ - ọdọ mmiri nwere atụmatụ ngọngọ nke 1 ngọngọ kwa ụbọchị 13 ma ọ dịghị ahụ ngọngọ tupu ihe isi ike ahụ edozi n'elu na-eme ka ha daa na ntule nke 1 n'ime ụbọchị 15 ọ bụla, na windo mbụ. emechiela ruo mgbe ebighị ebi. Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri PPLNS, ndị hasher enwetala obere ego karịa ndị ọzọwise nwere ike inwe. Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri FPPS, ọdọ mmiri ahụ erela nnukwu ego na/ma ọ bụ bụrụ onye akwụrụ ụgwọ.
Nke a pụtara na enwere naanị ọdọ mmiri ndị nwere ike ịdị, ma ọ dịkarịa ala ndị na-arụ ọrụ ka ọdọ mmiri nke oge a si arụ ọrụ. Enweghị ike ịbụ otu narị otu narị, n'ihi na ọtụtụ n'ime ha ga-anọgide na-ada n'oge chi ọjọọ n'ihi na ha nwere ihe na-erughị 1% nke netwọk hashrate na ya mere enweghị ike ọbụna na-enwe ike ịchọta otu ngọngọ kwa ụbọchị, na-ezute nwere ike izu na-enweghị. ihe mgbochi. Nke a bụ mmachi etinyere anyị site Bitcoin onwe ya.
Kedu ka ndị na-egwuputa ihe na ọdọ mmiri si akpakọrịta?
Usoro nke ndị na-egwuputa ihe na ọdọ mmiri na-ekwurịta okwu bụ Stratum (nwayọọ nwayọọ mana ọ bụ StratumV2 na-anọchi anya ya). StratumV1 bụ ma ochie na nke nwere ntụpọ. Nke mbụ, a na-eme mkparịta ụka niile na ederede doro anya. Nke a pụtara na ISPs abụghị naanị ihe nzuzo na ị na-egwupụta akụ mana ọ bụkwa nha nke ị na-eme ya, ha - yana onye ọ bụla ọzọ nwere ike ịmegharị okporo ụzọ na netwọkụ gị - nwere ike ịme mwakpo MITM nke na-eme ka ị jiri gị. igwe na ike n'aha onye ọzọ. Ndị na-ebuso ndị mmadụ amaghị emejọ nke a tupu ha nwuo hashrate pụọ na ọdọ mmiri ndị a chọrọ.
Aside from a number of inefficiencies, StratumV1 also fails to offer miners a practical way to construct their own block templates and still enjoy mining in a pool. All these issues are addressed with the extremely desirable StratumV2 (originally “GBT”, then “Better Hash”) which we will return to later.
Akụrụngwa/Firmware
Tupu ị nweta azịza ya, anyị ga-esi na-ekwurịta banyere ọdọ mmiri / onye na-egwuputa ihe - dị ka isiokwu a agaghị ezu ezu ma ọ bụrụ na anyị emeghị ka eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọ bụ naanị ụlọ ọrụ abụọ na-emepụta ASIC n'ogo ọ bụla bara uru - Bitmain na MicroBT. Enwere ndị ọzọ, mana n'ezie ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ hashing niile na-eme na igwe ndị ụlọ ọrụ abụọ ahụ rụrụ.
Nke a adịghị mma maka ihe doro anya ma na-esite n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na ịmepụta mgbawa siri ike ime ma si otú a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ hypercentralized.
Ọ bụ n'èzí nke isiokwu a ịbanye na ngwọta ebe a, ma e nwere ndị na-arụ ọrụ na-eme home Ngwuputa ihe bara uru nke ukwuu (na North America isi okwu bụ ihe achọrọ maka 220-240v na imegide mkpọtụ jọgburu onwe ya). Esemokwu dị n'etiti ndị na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ n'ịgbapụta ihe bụ na ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-ezuru ya kwa ụbọchị bitcoinN'ezie, ha nwere ike ịmalite ịnọchite anya pasentị dị ịrịba ama nke mkpokọta hashrate nke netwọkụ, nke ka mma karịa ọtụtụ ọrụ Ngwuputa na-arụ ọrụ n'ogo ebe ha na-emeghe maka nnyonye anya nchịkwa.
A na-eme ka ọrụ a sie ike karị site na eziokwu ahụ bụ na emechiri emechi ngwa ngwa. Ọbụlagodi firmware omenala nke nwere ike “jailbreak” ASIC na-abụkarị ebe mechiri emechi iji hụ na ndị na-eji ya na-akwụ ụgwọ dev (ya bụ, ọnụ ahịa maka firmware gị dị egwu na-egwupụta n'aha ndị otu na-eme firmware ahụ.)
The stock firmware on ASICs - particularly Bitmain’s - is a great indication of how comfortable they have become with their dominance of the market. Beyond being closed source, it’s clearly malicious. You are forced to mine on their behalf upon powering up an Antminer – though a miner can at least prevent this from happening by blocking the connection (or installing aftermarket firmware, but then you pay dev fees instead and those can’t be blocked without the miner refusing to mine at all.) Bitmain has also been caught several times adding malicious backdoors to the firmware for their miners (see Antbleed), ma na-arụsi ọrụ ike iji kpọchie ndị nrụpụta firmware aftermarket.
Eziokwu ahụ na ngwaahịa firmware na-eme nke a bụ ihe jọgburu onwe ya ma gosipụta n'ụzọ doro anya mkpa ọ dị maka asọmpi na nrụpụta ASIC.
Would anyone feel comfortable if the rules of the network were enforced by closed source bitcoin nodes? Further, imagine those nodes caused users to lose BTC to the developers of that software - and we all knew that was happening. Would anyone accept that? When it comes to mining, almost no regard is paid to the sovereignty of its participants. Of course node software and ASIC firmware are not of equivalent importance and we of course place more scrutiny on the former as we should, but the latter is not immaterial and is certainly being unacceptably neglected.
Na ihe niile a na-ekwu, ka anyị gaa n'ihu na ụfọdụ ngwọta, na-elekwasị anya karịsịa n'ịba ụba nke ihe nwere ike ime dị ka onye na-egwuputa ihe na imeziwanye ụdị ndị dị ugbu a.
P2 Pool
Ọ dịghị ọtụtụ ihe ikwu na nke a n'akụkụ eziokwu na ọ decentralized ihu ọma akụkụ ọ bụla nke pooled Ngwuputa. Ọ bụ ezie na nke a na-eme ọtụtụ ihe a na-achọsi ike n'obere ọnụ ọgụgụ, ọ na-achọ ka onye ọrụ ọ bụla budata, nyochaa, ma soro òkè nke onye ọrụ ọ bụla ọzọ wee gosi onwe ha na ha na-aza ajụjụ maka ihe niile n'ụzọ ziri ezi na ndebiri ha. Imezu nke a na gburugburu ebe mgbagha n'ogo ọ bụla bụ ọrụ na-agaghị ekwe omume. N'ihi ọdịdị dị mkpa nke ngwungwu agbakọtara ọnụ, a na-achọ ọtụtụ ihe onwunwe karịa ihe achọrọ iji rụọ ọrụ a Bitcoin ọnụ ọnụ zuru oke, ọ bụghị ikwupụta na-eme ka ihe dị mgbagwoju anya maka onye na-egwuputa ihe.
N'ihi ihe ndị a ọtụtụ ndị elegharala ya anya, na-ejikwa ya naanị site n'aka ndị ọrụ nka ma ọ bụ ndị na-eche echiche bụ ndị - n'ụzọ kwere nghọta - enweghị ike iweta onwe ha na nke m ọzọ.
StratumV2
N'ezie, nke a bụ mkpụrụ osisi kacha ala. Ọ na-enye ọgwụgwọ bara uru maka ọtụtụ n'ime okwu ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n'isiokwu a.
Nke mbu, site n’ikwe ka nkwukọrịta ezoro ezo n’etiti ọdọ mmiri na hashers, ISPs na ihe ọ bụla ọzọ nwere ohere ịnweta okporo ụzọ netwọkụ gị agaghịzi amata nke ọma na ị na-egwupụta akụ (ma ọ bụ ókè ị na-eme ya). "MITM" ị na-akpachi anya onye na-awakpo gị na-aghọkwa ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume, ma ọ bụ dị obere obere.
Nke abuo na ma eleghị anya nke kachasị mkpa, ọ nwekwara ike ikwe ka ndị hashers wuo ndebiri nke onwe ha, yabụ ebe ọdọ mmiri ga-anọgide na-ahazi ndị nhazi nke ụgwọ ọrụ, ma eleghị anya ka ndị na-elekọta ụgwọ ọrụ ngọngọ - nke a ga-anọchi anya ngbanwe nke ike pụọ na ọdọ mmiri gaa n'ihu. ndị na-egwuputa ihe ma bụrụ ezigbo ihe n'enweghị mgbagha.
N'ikpeazụ, enwere ndozi ndị ọzọ m na-agba gị ume ka ị lelee Ebe a.
Ụwa nke StratumV2 bụ ụkpụrụ, yana ịnụ ọkụ n'obi sitere n'aka ndị na-egwuputa ihe iji wuo ndebiri nke aka ha (ọ bụ ezie na ọdọ mmiri ga-enye ndị na-egwuputa ihe na-eme nke a ihe mkpali) ga-enwe obi ụtọ karịa. Bitcoin.
Ndị obodo jikọtara ọnụ n'ịrụ ọrụ iji kwalite gburugburu ebe obibi ogbunigwe gaa na StratumV2, mana ndị na-egwuputa ihe n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ezerekarị iji ngwọta ndị a n'ihi mbọ agbakwunyere (ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị obere ma e jiri ya tụnyere p2pool) na enweghị mkpali ime ya.
Na-agbakọta
Enwere nnukwu ụlọ maka imeziwanye ya na ma ọ bụ na-enweghị StratumV2. Ihe achọrọ bụ ọdọ mmiri nke na-enye ndị na-egwuputa ihe ikike ijide mkpụrụ ego ha kpọmkwem mgbe ha na-egwupụta akụ. Nke a na-achọ ka ọdọ mmiri (ma ọ bụ hashers) rụpụta ndebiri nke a na-akwụ ụgwọ ọrụ nke onye na-egwuputa ihe na azụmahịa coinbase/ọgbọ dị n'ime ngọngọ ọ bụla. Eziokwu ahụ bụ na nke a agaghị ekwe omume n'okpuru usoro FPPS pụtara ọdọ mmiri ọ bụla na-eme nke a ga-enwe nkụda mmụọ site n'aka ụfọdụ ndị na-egwuputa ihe, mana ndị gbanwere ga-enwe nghọta ka ukwuu dị ka. Bitcoin n'onwe ya ga - n'elu ọnụ ụzọ - na-akwụ ha ozugbo site na iji dị mfe iji nyochaa nkewa nke enyemaka na ego ha nwetara. Enwere ike ijikọ nke a na ọdọ mmiri - pre-stratumV2 - ọbụlagodi na-eme ka ndị na-egwuputa ihe mara maka ndebiri ngọngọ emere n'aha ha tupu edozi ihe mgbochi, yana post-stratumV2 naanị chọrọ ịchọpụta na ndị na-egwuputa ihe niile na-ewu ndebiri nke na-egosipụta n'ụzọ ziri ezi ụgwọ ọrụ nkewa na-enweghị. scaling pụtara nke ndị niile na-egwuputa ihe na-eme nke a mgbe niile.
The pool can also address the reluctance of miners to make their own block templates by offering incentives for miners who do so, by - for example - charging them lower fees. It seems that if miners are unwilling to take on the burden of doing this even once it becomes practical again, then this additional incentive might become necessary.
Atụmatụ ndị a dị n'elu ga-eme ka ihe ka mma nke ukwuu.
Ọtụtụ atụmatụ na ọkwa na-abịa banyere nrụpụta ASIC na akụrụngwa ọdọ mmiri nke na-atụ anya na a ga-anabata mmepe maka onye ọ bụla nwere mmasị n'ịhụ na usoro Ngwuputa na-aga n'ihu n'ịkwado ọchịchị.
Nke a bụ akwụkwọ ọbịa site na Bitcoin Mekiiki. Echiche ndị akọwapụtara bụcha nke ha ma ọ bụchaghị gosipụta nke BTC Inc ma ọ bụ Bitcoin Magazin.
Isi mmalite: Bitcoin magazine