By Bitcoin Jurnal - 4 oy oldin - O'qish vaqti: 5 daqiqa
Bitcoin 21-asr Sakkizlik parchasi sifatida
Many commentators compare Bitcoin with gold, the idea being that its finite supply makes it an attractive long-term qiymat ombori. There have been historical examples of broad adoption of gold currencies, such as the British Empire’s sovereign and half-sovereign. However, adoption of the sovereigns was often promoted and directed by the British imperial government, much to the dismay of local administrators who often suffered currency shortages. Bitcoin has no nation state to promote its adoption, so the comparison between it and gold sovereigns is a weak one. One of the world’s most heavily used silver currencies, the Spanish silver dollar, may offer a better comparison.
Ispaniya kumush dollari yoki Real as it was originally known, was unusual because it prospered as a trade currency while Spain, its nation of origin, declined. In addition, it was adopted in countries that were never Spanish colonies, thus violating the premise that a currency can only thrive if it has a strong home country promoting its use. The three main factors behind the real muvaffaqiyat uning mavjudligi, sifati va tekshirilishi edi.
The Real 1497 yilda, Kolumb Amerikaga qo'nganidan besh yil o'tgach, qirol Ferdinand va qirolicha Izabella Ispaniyaning pul tizimini isloh qilganlarida yaratilgan. Pragmatika de Medina del Kampo. Yangi kumush Real sakkiz qismga bo'linishi mumkin edi, shuning uchun "sakkizlik bo'laklar". E'tibor bering, uni oltindan yasalgan "dublonlar" bilan adashtirmaslik kerak.
Ellik yil o'tgach, 1545 yilda ispanlar hozirgi Boliviyada Cerro de Potosini topdilar, bu dunyo tarixidagi kumushning eng boy manbai edi. Tangalar tanqisligi Ispaniya tojining zarb qilishga ruxsat berishiga olib keldi haqiqiy Shu bilan birga, portugal tadqiqotchilari nafaqat Hindiston va Xitoyga boradigan yo'lni kashf etdilar va shu tariqa Ipak yo'li bo'ylab oltin dukatlar bilan savdo qilgan arablar va venetsiyaliklarni chetlab o'tishdi, balki Sharqiy Osiyodagi savdogarlar ham bu yo'lni afzal ko'rdilar. oltin ustidan kumush. Min sulolasi tangalarida ishlatiladigan bronza tanqisligi savdogarlarni muqobil variantlarni izlashga majbur qilganligi sababli Xitoy talabi ayniqsa katta edi. Kumushga bo'lgan talab tez orada Xitoy va Yaponiya takliflarini ortda qoldirib, muntazam yetkazib berish uchun tayyor bozorni yaratdi haqiqiy Yangi Ispaniya koloniyalaridan Filippinga, boshqa ispan koloniyasiga.
Uning qabul qilinishi butun Amerikaga tarqaldi, 1792 yilga kelib u yangi mustaqil Qo'shma Shtatlarning de-fakto valyutasiga aylandi. Haqiqatan ham, AQSh dollari birinchi marta muomalaga chiqarilganda, u bir-biriga bog'langan edi haqiqiy. 87 yil o'tib, 1879 yilda Xitoy o'zining yangi yuanini dollarga bog'lab, xuddi shunday qildi Real yoki o'sha paytda ma'lum bo'lgan Meksika pesosi. Shunday qilib, Ispaniya imperiyasining o'sishi Amerika va Osiyo bo'ylab tarqalishi va mavjudligini ta'minladi, bu uning muvaffaqiyati sari birinchi qadam edi.
Ikkinchi omil - Ispaniya hukumati buni ta'minladi real sifat barqaror bo'lib qoldi, bu esa o'z navbatida uning qiymati barqaror bo'lib qolganligini anglatadi. O'sha davrning boshqa ko'plab valyutalaridan farqli o'laroq, Real juda cheklangan kamsitishlarga duchor bo'ldi. Biroq, esa Real kuchli bo'lib qoldi, ichki Ispaniya iqtisodiyoti zaiflashdi. Inflyatsiyaga qarshi kurash bo'yicha sa'y-harakatlar, ularning ba'zilari ichki bozorni tahqirlash bilan bog'liq vellon coinage, stifled exports and encouraged imports and further crippled the Spanish economy. These policies, when combined with the demands of continuous conflict and profligate royal spending, ultimately led to a great deal of the silver haqiqiy Yevropaning qolgan qismiga eksport qilinmoqda. Boshqa Yevropa davlatlari, xususan, gollandlar va inglizlar Ispaniya imperiyasi bilan raqobatlashishga intildilar va shuning uchun Xitoy va Osiyodan choy, ipak va ziravorlar sotib olish uchun kumushga muhtoj edilar. Dastlabki ingliz Sharqiy Hindiston kompaniyasi o'z faoliyatini Hindiston va Xitoyda og'ir jun matolarni sotishga harakat qilib boshlagan edi, ajablanarlisi shundaki, juda cheklangan muvaffaqiyatga erishdi. Kumushdan foydalanish haqiqiy ancha oson edi.
Yakuniy omil real muvaffaqiyat tasdiqlanishi edi. Boshqa davlatlar buni takrorlashga harakat qilishdi Real, lekin hatto bir xil sifat va og'irlikdagi xorijiy tangalar ham xitoylik va osiyolik savdogarlar tomonidan rad etildi, chunki ispaniyaliklar haqiqiy izchil edi. AQSH ana shunday muvaffaqiyatsiz raqobatchilardan biri edi. 1872 yilda AQSh G'aznachiligi ta'kidladiki, esa Real Sharqiy Osiyoda 6-8% mukofotni buyurdi, Amerika kumushi 2% chegirmaga duch keldi. Shuning uchun 1873 yilda AQSh tangalar to'g'risidagi qonun AQSh "savdo dollari" ni yaratishga ruxsat berdi. Ushbu yangi tanga Bald Eagle dizayni tufayli "burgut dollari" nomi bilan mashhur bo'ldi. Qo'shma Shtatlar burgutlarning aksariyati Tinch okeani bo'ylab ularni qaytarib olish mumkin bo'lgan joyga hech qachon o'tmaydi, degan ishonchga asoslanib, senyorajdan foyda olishni kutgan.
Burgut aralash muvaffaqiyatga erishdi. Tongji imperatori tomonidan ma'qullanganiga qaramay, u Xitoyning janubida cheklangan darajada qabul qilingan, ammo shimolda emas. Eng achinarlisi shundaki, kumushning qiymati pasaygach, burgut AQShda yana paydo bo'la boshladi, u erda kumush miqdori nominal qiymatidan kamroq edi, bu esa sotib olishga olib keldi. U asta-sekin bekor qilindi va haqiqatan ham 1873 yildan boshlab ko'plab mamlakatlar oltin standartiga o'tishni boshladilar.
So, the question remains whether Bitcoin, which has no nation at all, could ever be treated as a trade currency. Like the Spanish silver dollar it is, in principle, abundantly available since it sits on the open internet. Where the Real was of consistent weight and purity so Bitcoin has a consistent design and structure. The maths that underpins it is the same in any country. Where the Real had earned what was effectively brand recognition, allowing it to be easily recognised by holders, so Bitcoin is easily verifiable because it sits on a public ledger with a hashed immutable structure. It took the Real about a hundred years to gain its recognition and status and the same may be true, in time, of Bitcoin. While there may be criticism of Bitcoin’s suitability as a means of exchange, which the Real certainly had, what is undeniable is that Bitcoin shares several of the features of success that underpinned adoption of the Real mavjudligi, sifati va tekshirilishida.
That one currency achieved wide adoption as its home nation was in decline was remarkable. That Bitcoin has achieved this with no home nation at all is even more remarkable.
This is a guest post by Nick Philpott. Opinions expressed are entirely their own and do not necessarily reflect those of BTC Inc or Bitcoin Jurnal.
Asl manba: Bitcoin jurnal